• The system features a cylindrical screen using falling water controlled by solenoid valves, driven by a pre-programmed Arduino microcontroller and custom PCBs for image display.
• Images are converted to binary data and stored on an SD card. A custom algorithm and OpenCV are used to convert images, enabling continuous pattern generation.
• A series of solenoid valves control water flow in the display. The solenoids are activated by the Arduino via shift registers, opto-couplers, and TRIAC for precise ON/OFF control
• The system uses a simple Arduino UNO, TRIAC, and shift registers to control 136 solenoid valves. (16 per board) This setup reduces complexity and improves reliability compared to traditional LED displays.

• Natural fluoride (F-) content of water between 1 to 1.5 mg/L is essential for good dental health. However, higher fluoride content of 1.5-4 mg/L can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis which effects over 200 million people across the globe.
• Conventional methods of using alumina-based coagulants, membrane technology and electrocoagulation either leave an unpleasant taste or are too expensive for public use.
• There is a need for an eco-friendly polymer based nano-cellulose adsorbent with metallic oxyhydroxides to get a robust composite for an improved synergistic performance towards F- removal.

• The rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere may be controlled by developing processes that convert CO2 present in industrial flue gases into value added products such as formic acid.
• Existing electrochemical processes for removal of CO2 from flue gases do not take into consideration the presence of other pollutants such as SOx and NOx that may affect the conversion process.
• There is a need for a catalyst for the electrolytic conversion of CO2 to formic acid even in the presence of impurities such as SOx and NOx

• Current methods for carboxymethylation of chitosan involve multiple stages and complex procedures, making them time-consuming and labor-intensive.
• Conventional carboxymethyl chitosan production results in non-crosslinked products, limiting their mechanical and functional properties.
• There is a need for a simpler, more sustainable, and cost-effective method to prepare crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan.

• Super Water Absorbing Polymers (SWAP) or hydrogels retain of large amounts of water for their weight.
• Commercially available SWAPs used in diapers and agricultural hydrogels are mostly made of non-biodegradable cross-linked polyacrylamides.
• Urea applied to agricultural fields get washed away or decompose into ammonia at high temperatures and high humidity.
• Water retention capacity of hydrogels usually decline rapidly under saline conditions.
• There is a need for biodegradable SWAPs prepared using green methods that can be used for various applications.

• In the present era, the availability of clean potable water at affordable cost is a growing challenge for mankind. To meet the growing demand of drinking water, many materials & methods are used, but having difficulties due to expensive process/implementation, & consumption of high energy.
• There are many conventional methods discussed herein does not provide solutions as discussed in the present invention.
• Hence, there is a need to address the issues.

• Current Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems suffer from various limitations including incomplete conversion of urea into ammonia, non-uniform ammonia distribution, ammonia slipping, and solid deposit formation due to spray-wall interaction, leading to reduced efficiency and increased maintenance costs.
• Solid deposition on the duct walls is evident even at higher temperatures of exhaust gases, indicating the need for a solution that addresses this issue efficiently.
• There is a critical need for the development of an affordable exhaust treatment system that overcomes the shortcomings of conventional SCR technology (Fig. 1).

• Inadequate dispersion and aggregation of cellulose in solvents hinder its effective utilization as reinforcement in mold production.
• Conventional methods rely on commercial cellulose materials and high-energy processes, lacking efficiency and sustainability.
• There is a need for an improved method to utilize cellulosic waste, such as cotton microdust, for mold development, addressing dispersion issues and reducing energy consumption.

• In the present era, there is constantly efforts are being made to increase the use of renewable energy by utilizing various sources such as wind, solar, waves, geothermal, & etc.
• The existing mechanisms & technologies are not economically competitive, due to high cost & other cause of environmental damage by interrupting ocean/sea ecosystems.
• By prior art survey, the conventional combined power generators are deployed remote location like mid-sea areas to generate combined power, which may lead to corrosion of components of the combined power generators. Further, it is difficulty in transmission of generated power & may require submersed cables which is tedious installation process.
• Hence, there is a need to address above issues.

• Present Patent describe a vehicle for power generation, transmission and storage which includes a plurality of power conversion units, a gear mechanism, a generator unit coupled to the gear mechanism and a control unit,
• The vehicle 100 comprises a frame,1, a body,2, a plurality of power conversion units 200, 300, 400, a gear mechanism, 500, a generator unit, 600 & a control unit,3 shown in Fig.1.
• Said patent discloses constructional configuration & functioning of the plurality of power conversion units, gear mechanism & the control unit.
• The generator unit is coupled to the gear mechanism & is configured to generate power based on operation of the gear mechanism, from at least one of the first conversion unit & the second conversion unit.
• The control unit is communicatively coupled to one or more sensors disposed proximal to the gear mechanism & the generator unit.
• The controller of the vehicle is configured to:
• The power unit of vehicle may be an engine/motor which may be driven by a battery and a plurality of motors electrically coupled to the battery.

• In present era, Chromium is a widely used heavy metal, because of which hexavalent chromium ions are hazardous pollutants frequently found in natural resources water.
• Conventional techniques for Cr6+ detection & quantification by means of the standard methods using atomic absorption spectrometry or mass spectrometry are limited by requirement of expensive infrastructure & skilled personnel including other issues.
• Hence, there is a need to introduce present method which mitigate above challenges.

1. Present invention discloses a method of fabricating a silica optical probe for Cr6+ detection.
2. Further, said invention discussed an optical probe which comprises a U-bent silica optic fiber probe having a first end, a second end & a U-bent region, which is applicable for detecting Cr6+.
3. Further, said optical probe includes a metal organic framework (MOF) called zeolite imidazole (ZIF-67) coated on an outer surface of the U-bent region shown in below figures.

• The method comprises a few steps explained in smart chart & Fig herein
• 1st Step explains about Fabricating a U-bent silica optic fiber probe
• 2nd Step explains about Activating an outer surface of the U-bent region to generate hydroxyl groups on the
• surface
• 3rd Step explains about Growing a metal organic framework (MOF) and Providing post-thermal treatment to the coated probe
  
• The invention describes about the chemical synthesis of ZIF-67, using 2-methyl imidazole & cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate shown in figures herein below.
• The aqueous solution of both chemicals is mixed in certain molarity & this freshly prepared growth mixture solution is used for the in-situ growth of thin films on U-bent silica optical fiber illustrates in figure.

• Rural areas in Tamil Nadu, India, lack access to good quality drinking water due to high levels of TDS, alkalinity, fluorides, and heavy metals in the water, particularly near industrial zones.
• There is a need for a sustainable and cost-effective water filtration solution that can provide potable water in these rural areas without relying on electricity, while also addressing heavy metal and contamination issues.

Peristaltic Pump Mechanism:

• The technology utilizes a peristaltic pump system with spring-loaded rollers, which are driven by human pedaling action to create pressure and move water through the filtration process.

Self-Cleansing Design:

• Incorporates a self-cleaning feature uses reverse pedaling for filter maintenance.

Multi-Stage Filtration:

• It incorporates a multi-stage filtration process involving sand, activated carbon, ultrafiltration membrane, reverse osmosis, and chlorine treatment, sequentially removing contaminants, heavy metals, and pathogens from raw water.

Human-Powered and Sustainable:

• Operates entirely on human power, making it cost-effective and sustainable for rural areas with limited electricity.

Versatile Mounting Options:

• The system can be mounted on bicycles or tricycles, providing mobility for both water purification and transportation, in rural settings.

The benefits resulting from this invention are many. Some of them are listed below.

• Pedal-Powered Water Transport & Filtration for Rural Tamil Nadu
• Human-Powered: No external energy needed.
• Source Compatibility: Works with various water sources (excluding sewage).
• Thorough Filtration: Sand, carbon, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, chlorine.
• Affordable Maintenance: Reverse pedalling cleans filters, reducing costs.
• High Efficiency: 5L raw water to 2L potable water.
• User-Friendly: Designed for 56 kg individuals, promoting fitness.
• Mobility: Attachable to tricycle for mobile water unit.
• Sustainable: Emission-free, climate-friendly solution.

• The invention addresses the challenge of efficiently converting glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a valuable precursor for various chemicals, by utilizing a novel one-pot process involving amine-promoted isomerization and subsequent dehydration.
• This innovative approach aims to overcome the limitations of existing methods, offering improved selectivity, higher yield, and the potential for amine recovery and reuse.
• There is a demand for a simplified, high-yield approach to directly transform glucose into HMF in a single step, addressing sustainability and renewable resource concerns.

• The present disclosure relates to a method for synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides.
• The invention employs a one-pot process that combines amine-promoted isomerization and subsequent dehydration reactions.
• The process addresses the challenge of efficiently converting glucose to HMF by leveraging the Amadori rearrangement, a chemical transformation that converts aldose sugars to amino-ketose derivatives under mild conditions.
• This unique approach improves selectivity, yield, and environmental friendliness compared to traditional methods
• The technology has applications in producing valuable chemical intermediates from renewable sources, contributing to the development of sustainable and bio-based chemicals in the chemical industry.

• Conventional synthesis of thiochromanones is inefficient and time-consuming, involving toxic and hazardous reagents, leading to high waste production and environmental impact.
• There is a demand for an efficient and environmentally friendly method to synthesize thiochromanones, requiring a recoverable and reusable catalyst.
• The development of a process utilizing water as a solvent reduces waste and improves sustainability while providing high yields of thiochromanones and easy handling of starting materials.

• The invention introduces a novel heterogeneous copper binaphthyl nanoparticle (Cu-BNP) catalyst for thiochromanone synthesis.
• The heterogeneous Cu-BNP catalyst wherein the size of the copper nanoparticle is 3.5-5nm.
• Green and sustainable process using water as a solvent, reduces the environmental impact.
• Easily recoverable and reusable catalyst contributes to a more sustainable chemical synthesis process.
• The catalyst can be employed in the synthesis of various thiochromanones and their derivatives, making it applicable in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and other research fields.
• The starting materials and reaction conditions are easy to handle, simplifying the overall process and making it accessible to researchers and practitioners in the field.
• Efficient catalyst recovery, enhancing its economic feasibility and minimizing waste generation.
• The invention allows for the synthesis of different thiochromanone derivatives.
• The method employs odorless potassium ethyl xanthate as a sulfur source, wherein TBA●HSO4 is used as a phase transfer catalyst in water at 80oC, reducing the risk of exposure to toxic and hazardous reagents.

• The existing breakwater structures are mounted on a rubble mound structures, and stones role down under extreme wave actions and that interferes with an Oscillating Water Column(OWC) device
• Hence, requires frequent maintenance and not efficiently convert wave energy into the electrical energy, moreover such  breakwater structures are complex and expensive.

The present invention discloses a breakwater system for power generation, comprising:

• a plurality of breakwater structures mounted on a seabed
• an oscillating water column integrally mounted on each breakwater structure

• Each breakwater structure of the plurality of breakwater structures is defined having a semi-circular profile and breakwater structures are manufactured from a prefabricated reinforced concrete material.

Further, the said oscillating water column comprises:

• An inlet provided in a direction of flow of water, and configured to the oscillatory column, receives water from the water body
• An outlet provided for the flow of air above the oscillating water column
• The inlet is configured to receive water from the water body, for example – ocean, sea and likewise.
• The outlet is configured to allow flow of pressurized air from an air chamber of the oscillating water column into surrounding
• The seabed is defined, having a wedge-shaped profile to facilitate uniform flow of waves through the seabed and entering of the waves in the respective oscillating water column of the plurality of breakwater structures
• The oscillating water column includes a first duct and a second duct coupled to the first duct to form an L-shaped oscillating water column, where the L shaped oscillating water column is defined as Class A type oscillating water column.
• The Class B type oscillating water column has varied air chamber and front wall of Class B type oscillating water column extends up to an edge of the semi-circular breakwater structure profile.
• In Class C type an oscillating water column comprising the front wall, such that a portion of the front wall at the first end is a vertical wall.
• The water enters the device through the opening which creates a air mass oscillating inside the enclosed OWC chamber.
• The process by which the primary converter converts the absorbed energy into electrical energy is called Power Take-off (PTO).

• Traditional alcohol oxidation methods utilize toxic oxidizing agents and generate harmful waste, posing environmental risks.
• An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for alcohol oxidation using a metallomicellar catalyst, water as the solvent, and molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant, aiming to reduce ecological impact and promote green chemical synthesis.

• The technology for this invention involves the synthesis and utilization of a molybdenum – based metallomicellar catalyst, specifically [MoO2(L1)(H2O)], Mo1.
• The catalyst is prepared by complexation of bis(acetylacetonato) dioxomolybdenum(VI) with the ligand L1(H)2.
• The molybdenum-based metallomicellar catalyst forms organized supramolecular structures with surfactant molecules, enhancing catalytic efficiency and selectivity.
• The oxidation process takes place in an aqueous medium, providing a green and sustainable solvent choice.
• Molecular oxygen from open air is used as the sole oxidant, eliminating the need for toxic or hazardous oxidizing agents.
• The oxidation reaction proceeds without the requirement of any base or additive, simplifying the process and reducing waste generation.
• The technology provides a novel and eco-friendly approach for the oxidation of activated alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, making it an attractive solution for various industries seeking more sustainable and environmentally conscious chemical synthesis methods.

• In the process of isolating nanocrystals, only a small fraction of the biomass is transformed into value-added material while the massive quantity of effluent generated requires further purification
• Hence, there is additional requirement of reducing the hazards to the environment, recovery of by products, cost, processing time (including dialysis), water, and energy

• A process for producing biopolymer nanocrystals and carbon nanodots, the process comprising the steps of.

1. Thermally treating biopolymer raw material to form fragments
2. Treating the fragments to separate biopolymer nanocrystals and carbon nanodots.

• The biopolymer raw material for chitin is prawn shell and for cellulose is cotton and pulp sheets.
• Upon controlled treatment, the polymeric chains in the amorphous regions are fragmented leading to the formation of chitin/cellulose nanocrystals
• After the thermal treatment the fragments are oxidized with 1% sodium hypochlorite or 5% hydrogen peroxide to remove the carbonized           organic matter, forming chitin nanocrystals cellulose and carbon nanorods exhibiting green fluroscence
• Further, microscopic and spectroscopic analysis confirm the formation of chitin and cellulose. nanocrystals

• Synthetic petrochemical-based polymers have had a tremendous industrial impact, including two major drawbacks such as non-renewable resources in the production of polymers, & ultimate fate of these large scale commodity polymers.
• Further, a few non-patent literature discussed about the ring opening polymerization which has clearly been stimulated by the promising results obtained with pyridines & phosphines.
• Further a few patent literatures discussed regarding various polymerization reaction for preparation of poly lactides, however those metal catalyst suffers from extreme hydrolytic sensitivity & limited solubility features which restricts to use those catalyst
• Hence, there is a need to address the issues & present invention provides the sustainable solution to mitigate above issues.

• Present invention describes a process for synthesizing an environmentally benign biodegradable polymer with a high number average molecular weight Mn comprises of ring opening polymerization of a selected monomer of ε-caprolactone (CL) or L-lactide (LA) with an active catalyst and benzyl alcohol in a predetermined feed ratio and in a solvent free condition.
• The selected catalyst is having a general formula: wherein
• R1 may be NH2 or – OEt;
• R2 may be – OEt or Oph,
• The process involves method for synthesizing an environmentally benign biodegradable polymer;
• The feed ratio of monomer, catalyst & benzyl alcohol ranges from 200:1 to 1000:1 or 200:1:3 to 200:1:20 and more preferably 200:1 or 200:1:3;
• The number average molecular weight of the polymer is between 2.0 kg/mol & 80.78 kg/mol & molecular weight distribution is between 1.1 and 1.3.