Reducing Differential Mode Emission Noise in Power Converters:

• Utilizes printed circuit board filter.
• Implements inductance-capacitor circuit with damping resistance.
• Adjusts length, width, thickness, and distance between PCB traces.
• Multi-layer PCB for higher inductance and current rating.
• Device free from magnetic core.
• Estimates differential mode noise voltage for voltage source inverter.

Hybrid ADC Structure and Implementation

• The hybrid ADC includes a Hybrid Successive Subtraction Analog to Digital Converter (HSSADC) with stages and reference types.

Stages and Resolution:

• The first and second stage blocks may feature an N-reference 5 SSADC, with resolutions of 12-bit, 16-bit, or 20-bit.

Cascading Blocks:

• The architecture allows for cascading a predefined number of first-type and second-type blocks.

Voltage Divider Implementation:

• The corresponding voltage divider values for each cascaded block are based on voltage levels within a voltage divider network.

Digital Output Mechanism:

• The digital value from the comparator indicates a change in the state of the corresponding bit in the first-type cascaded block when the input signal meets or exceeds the voltage divider value.

Bit State Change:

• The method specifies changing the bit state to at least one of 1 or 0 within the predefined number of bits.

Incorporating N-reference SSADC:

• An N-reference Successive Subtraction Analog to Digital Converter (SSADC) is used in at least one of the first or second stage blocks.

• Uses falling water controlled by solenoid valves for displaying 3D graphics, offering a unique and dynamic visual compared to conventional static LED displays.
• Unlike LED displays, the water-based system requires less maintenance, utilizes water (a renewable resource), and uses far fewer electronic components, making it more eco-friendly.
• The system operates with fewer electrical components compared to LEDs, consuming less power and being more energy-efficient, making it more sustainable in the long run.
• Unlike LED systems with numerous electronic components, this device uses a minimal number of components (Arduino, shift registers, TRIAC), reducing complexity and maintenance needs.
• The modular and compact design, with water circulation and a cylindrical screen, makes the technology easily portable and scalable for use in various applications like museums and exhibitions.

Current and Alis Rejection in Circuit

• Current i1 and i2 are RZ pulses, half clock cycle wide.
• Total current i1+i2 is a NRZ pulse.
• Circuit 300 computes alias rejection at fs.
• CTDSM 200 is excited with an input voltage.

Dual-SCRZ DAC for CTDSM

• Proposed CTDSM with dual SCRZ DAC achieves infinite alias rejection, even with OTA having finite transconductance.
• The dual SCRZ DAC samples the voltage of the virtual ground at two instances per cycle.
• Combines low peak-to-average ratio of a non return-to-zero pulse with low jitter sensitivity of a switched capacitor feedback DAC.
• Excellent alias rejection is obtained around fs, even with limited bandwidth of the OTA.
• Measured results show improvements in linearity and alias rejection compared to a modulator using SCRZ DAC.
• Dual SCRZ DAC is robust with respect to clock jitters.
• Voltage of a virtual ground is sampled at two instances per cycle through the dual SCRZ DAC (208a, 208b) while consuming Lower power.

• The performance of PCM based heat sink is superior to air-based heat sink during the heating/melting cycle, and vice versa during the cooling/solidification cycle
• The combined effects of latent and sensible heat is the best for a heat sink cylinder comprising both the PCM as well as fins as it makes use fins to spread the heat from the base uniformly in the PCM.
• In real world applications the orientation of an un-finned heat sink containing a PCM can vary as per operating conditions. The enhancement ratio of the invented heat sink with 99% PCM fill is insensitive to orientation making it reliable from an engineering perspective.
• The invented rotating heat sink addresses the problem of stagnant air near heat sink walls observed in conventional heat sinks.
• The invention allows wide scope of customization based on various factors such as fill ratio, presence of fins and orientation for working out optimum performance and cost trade-offs.

• Provides mechanism for an up-conversion mixer with the improved linearity and power efficiency by employing a closed loop negative feedback control mechanism.
• Facilitates a baseband voltage–to–Current (V-I) converter operating in a class-AB mode.
• Facilitates a single stage error amplifier to drive one or more power transistors to operate in negative feedback.
• Said invention is invented a way to directly sense the current driven into the mixer switches (ip,bb and im,bb in FIG. 1)

• The proposed method facilitates a plurality of floating metals spaced uniformly in the multi-frequency RF MEMS capacitive switch.
• Provide the RF MEMS capacitive switch with a lateral thermal actuator, a push-pull beam with a contact arm and a buckling actuator to vary the resonant frequency of the RF MEMS capacitive switch.
• Based on a position of the push-pull beam over the plurality of
• floating metals, the resonant frequency of RF MEMS capacitive switch is varying,
• Position of the push pull beam over the plurality of floating metals is varied by varying said first DC voltage applied to the lateral thermal actuator
• Applocations : Stationary Dielectric on metal (DOM), ESDM,

• Brain-inspired computational model developed can effectively handle novel situations or process large data sets simultaneously. Whereas, logic-based machines face difficulties in programming for situations with broad parameters and changing contexts while algorithms have poor scaling properties and the time required to run them increases exponentially as the number of input variables grows.
• The invented brain-inspired computational model developed using hierarchical reinforcement learning is capable of handling complex real-time spatial navigation for a wide range of applications. Whereas, conventional computational models are inefficient in handle complex real-time spatial navigation.

• Integrates amplification & amplitude detection in a single unit. CMOS inverters can be more easily designed at low supply voltages than other types of amplifiers.
• Develops a signal-strength detector utilising low power.
• The signal-strength detector circuit occupies 0.08 mm2, consumes 1.2 mW from 1.5V and
• the noise floor is 0.2mV rms. (Refer Table1)
• Facilitates a compact signal-strength detector.
• More amenable to low supply voltage operation.
• A 65nm prototype of the
• signal-strength detector circuit has a 70.9dB dynamic range with ±1dB error.

Market Advantage:

• Enhanced Performance: Non-identical transfer functions in each stage reduce in-band droop, improving Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR) and overall ADC performance.

Key Features:

• Continuous-Time Operation: Leverages the benefits of continuous-time operation in a pipeline ADC, combining efficiency with high-speed conversion.
• Tailored Transfer Functions: Appropriate design of non-identical transfer functions per stage optimizes the equivalent anti-alias filter, maintaining high-frequency attenuation while minimizing in-band droop.

Competitive Edge:

• Adaptive Butterworth Function: Realizes an overall Butterworth transfer function, offering a competitive advantage over systems with individually chosen Butterworth transfer functions for each stage.

Industry Innovation:

• Integrated System Design: The CTP ADC system integrates non-identical filters and backend ADC seamlessly, presenting an innovative solution for improved performance without sacrificing design simplicity.

1. Enhanced Power Efficiency:

• Maximizes power extraction from photovoltaic panels using advanced MPPT techniques, ensuring optimal energy conversion.

2. Cost Reduction:

• Simplifies system architecture with single-stage multisource inverters, reducing component count and overall system costs.

3. Innovative Control Parameters:

• Utilizes first and second control parameters to precisely regulate voltage levels and optimize power delivery.

4. Dynamic PWM Modulation:

• Employs varying carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) to efficiently manage current supply duration for each panel.

5. Improved Performance Stability:

• Minimizes oscillations around the maximum power point (MPP) with sophisticated voltage comparison methods.

6. Scalability and Flexibility:

• Supports multiple photovoltaic panels with series connections, offering scalable and flexible solutions for high-power applications.

1. Precise Voltage Control:

• Provides accurate bipolar voltage output through dynamic management of bidirectional converter modules, ensuring reliable performance for advanced applications.

2. Enhanced Efficiency:

• Reduces energy losses by dynamically adjusting the operation modes (charge, refresh, discharge) based on real-time voltage comparisons, optimizing power usage.

3. Versatile Application Compatibility

• Supports diverse high voltage applications like ion analyzers, smart material actuators, and pulsed electric field processes, enhancing its market appeal.

4. Simplified System Architecture:

• Integrates bidirectional flyback converters and comparators within each module, streamlining the system design and reducing complexity.

5. Improved Operational Flexibility:

• Assigns and manages positive and negative voltage profiles independently, offering greater flexibility in meeting specific operational requirements.

6. Autonomous Operation Capability:

• Incorporates smart control circuitry for autonomous voltage regulation, minimizing the need for external intervention and maintenance.

Active Harmonic Mode-Lock Laser Operation

• Minimize integrated optical power of lower-order longitudinal cavity modes.
• Ensure reliable, stable operation for longer, uninterrupted duration.
• Maintain stability without performance impact from environmental disturbances.

Stabilizing Active Harmonic Mode-Locked Fiber Laser

• Functions regardless of repetition rates.
• Eliminates need for reconfiguration.
• Avoids cavity length and FSR variations.

Configuring ADC for RF Power Levels

• Receives instantaneous RF power levels.
• Determines desired RF power level.

Maintaining RF Power Level Threshold at ADC

• Maintains desired threshold for 1800s.

RF Power Level Measurement

• Measures difference between instantaneous and desired levels.
• Determines desired RF power level threshold.
• Maintains instantaneous RF power level at determined threshold.

RF Power Level Monitoring

• Controls DAC output voltage and integrated optical power.

Terminates DAC correction voltage generation

• if ADC voltage reaches PZT limit.

Photodetector operates at

• bandwidth of less than 400MHz.

• Efficiency: Provides a single semiconductor material for white light emission in simple processes.
• Energy Savings: Enhances energy efficiency in lighting applications, reducing electricity consumption.
• Reliability: Offers stable and reproducible performance, improving the longevity of lighting devices.
• Environmental Impact: Reduces environmental footprint through lower energy consumption.
• Cost-efficiency: Reduces manufacturing costs by streamlining processes and utilizing fewer materials, resulting in more affordable white light emitting devices.
• Versatility: Applicable in residential, commercial, industrial, automotive, healthcare, displays, etc.

1. Enhanced Power Output:

• Achieves high-power laser beams suitable for demanding applications, ranging from 10 Watts to several MegaWatts.

2. Superior Beam Quality:

• Utilizes advanced phase synchronization and feedback control systems to maintain optimal beam quality and minimize power losses.

3. Scalability and Flexibility:

• Scalable architecture allows for easy integration and adaptation to various industrial, defense, and research applications.

4. Advanced Control with AI:

• Incorporates machine learning techniques, such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), for improved phase synchronization and system optimization.

1.Comprehensive Harmonic Mitigation:

• Effectively eliminates both lower-order (5th, 7th) and higher-order (11th, 13th) harmonics through a dual-converter approach.

2. Optimized Efficiency:

• Utilizes a high-capacity Si IGBT converter for lower-order harmonics to minimize switching losses while achieving high efficiency.

3. Advanced High-Frequency Filtering:

• Incorporates a small, fast-switching SiC MOSFET converter to handle high-frequency harmonic components, enhancing overall performance.

4. Cost-Effective Solution:

• Balances the use of cost-effective Si IGBT technology with the advanced capabilities of SiC MOSFETs, offering a high-performance yet economical solution.

5. Parallel Configuration Benefits:

• The parallel setup of converters maximizes harmonic rejection across various frequency ranges, ensuring a cleaner power supply.

6. Scalable and Retro-Fittable:

• Designed to be easily retrofitted into existing systems, allowing for seamless integration and scalability based on power requirements.

Enhanced Accuracy:

• Utilizes Cross Recurrence Plot Analysis (CRPA) to accurately measure Brillouin frequency shifts, improving precision even in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

High Sensitivity:

• Capable of detecting small changes in temperature and strain with high sensitivity by analyzing the Brillouin gain spectrum.

Robust Performance:

• Effective in environments with distorted Brillouin gain spectra, maintaining reliable measurements under challenging conditions.

Flexible Spectrum Analysis:

• Supports various reference spectrum types (Lorentzian, Gaussian, Voigt), providing versatility in different sensing applications.

Large-Scale Monitoring:

• Suitable for distributed sensing along extensive optical fiber lengths, enabling comprehensive monitoring of large infrastructures.

Advanced Data Processing:

• Employs advanced signal processing techniques to handle low SNR measurements, enhancing the overall performance and accuracy of Brillouin distributed sensors.

• Increased operational life. And Provides better accuracy;
• Consumes less power, and Suitable for precision instrumentation;
• Reduced weight & compact size.
• Applicable in precision measurements in industrial, automotive, medical, utility, scientific, oil and gas sectors in particular Aerospace, Defense, Medical & Industrial.

• The architecture comprises a more readily manufacturable TFT architecture that offers infinite output resistance to provide constant drain current in the saturation region.
• The device showed excellent performance in terms of the device parameters. Whereas, none of the conventional methods overcome the limitations of multi-finger and Corbino TFT architectures in attaining excellent electrical isolation, increased transconductance and infinite output resistance, simultaneously, while accommodating high W/L ratio
• The novel Pseudo-interdigitated-corbino architecture results in an easily manufacturable TFT architecture with reduced fabrication process steps compared to conventional Corbino TFT architecture.

• The developed hybrid micro-scribing technique is helpful in micro-scribing Cu film on a dielectric insulator without thermal damage to the dielectric substrate.
• The developed method is mask-less and uses non-toxic reagents. Whereas, conventional methods require micro-tool fabrication or mask-based methods with toxic chemicals.
• Overall, the device demonstrated a decent transistor characteristic with acceptable leakage current levels. The field-effect saturation mobility was estimated to be around 10-6 cm2/V s.
• The proposed laser-assisted hybrid scribing is a promising technique for fabricating electrodes for semiconductors. The method is flexible, cost effective and environmental friendly.